By Antonio Graceffo
“My monkey has a problem.” Said my Chinese Malay friend, Sheung Di. We were sitting in a Mamak, a restaurant run by Muslim Indians, in Kualalumpur, Malaysia, drinking “pulled” Indian ice tea with milk. They call it pulled because when they prepare the tea, they hold the teapot over their head, and pour it from a great height into a cup, to mix the sweet milk and tea together. A proper glass of Indian ice tea has a nice, sweet, frothy foam on top. I liked to call it Malaysian cappuccino.
In New York, people didn’t usually open a conversation by gossiping about the problems faced by their monkeys. The sophisticated metropolitan citizens of Gotham, knew to keep their monkey business at home. But Sheung Di and I had been working together for months. He had been my translator, driver and cameraman in both Malaysia and Cambodia. Actually, in Cambodia I did all of the translating, but he still handled the camera.
“He doesn’t know how to climb trees.” Continued Sheung Di, referring to the monkey. “No one taught him.”
Apparently, a few weeks earlier, Sheung Di and his girlfriend Nu Peun Yo were driving to some remote hiking location. A lot of Chinese, Malays, from what I could see, couldn’t be bother to go to a gym or play sports, but they loved to go hiking in nature. They worked extremely long, hard hours in the fast paced metropolis and were always looking for a healthy way to recuperate mentally and spiritually. Sheung Di, was an exception. He didn’t work in a hectic fast paced job. He worked for me. And a lot of his days were spent filming me getting beat up by various martial arts masters or translating my interviews with those masters. In between, shoots and translations, we spent a lot of time sitting around in Mamaks, drinking iced tea or iced coffee and eating my favorite treat, banana roti. Almost every culture on the planet has a dish called roti. So, when you visit a new country. It is always fun to order a roti and see what arrives on your plate.
In Malaysia and Thailand, a roti is a special treat, made by Muslims. It consists of a thin dough, which they pull and toss and flop, sort of like at Papaleoni’s Pizza back in Brooklyn. The dough is then fried on a super hot, flat cooker, and served up with toppings. In Thailand, we usually eat roti as a desert. My favorite is filled with banana and smothered in sweetened condensed milk. In Malaysia, the banana roti was served with a choice of three curry sauces. Every time I ordered a roti, I would see Sheung Di get a little nervous because he knew that he was then going to have to speak Malay to the waiter, and explain that I wanted my roti with sweet condensed milk. The explanation sometimes took a long time, because the waiters assumed either they had heard wrong or I was nuts. But in the end, I always got my Malaysian special, converted to Thai style.
Malaysia is a fascinating country for a linguist or a cultural anthropologist. The population is made of three major ethnic groups, Malay, Chinese, and Tamil. There are other Indians, apart from Tamil, and there are other smaller groups like Brits, expats, Arabs and Iranians who came when the Sha was deposed. The predominant religions are Islam, Buddhism (both Thai and Chinese versions), Hindu, and Christianity. The main languages spoken are Malay, Mandarin, Tamil, and English. But I have to put an apteryx next to Mandarin; More on language in a minute.
First, the religion: The largest religion in the country is Islam. The Indian community are predominantly Hindu, with the exception of the Mamaks, the race who generally run the great 24 hour eateries. They are Muslim. There is also a small Sikh community, and probably some other smaller ones, that I am unfamiliar with. Most of the Chinese are Buddhist. Interestingly there is a small community of Muslim Chinese and an even smaller community of Jewish Chinese (extremely small). On the island of Penang there is even a Jewish cemetery with Chinese graves. Because Malaysia borders on Thailand, a significant number of Malays, both Chinese and other, are Theravada or Thai Buddihists. In fact, My translator, Sheung Di, is Thai Buddhist, because one of his grandmothers was born on the Thai side of the border.
I love studying the various races and religions and seeing how they interact. Sheung Di told me that most Malay Buddhists didn’t see a big separation between the two forms of Buddhism and if they were traveling or were away from home, they would pray in whatever type of Buddhist temple was available. “Even the Hindus use our temples and we use theirs.” He said.
When I lived and studied in monasteries in Thailand and with monks in Cambodia, I saw that Theravada Buddhism had origins in Hinduism. The gods, Shiva, Vishnu, Genesh and Hanuman were shared by both religions. Living and studying in a monastery in China and with ex-monks in Taiwan, I could see that Chinese Buddhism was further away from Hinduism. A Nepali friend told me that in his country they didn’t make any distinction between the three religions.
It was nice to see that recognizing a common root allowed three religions to live in harmony. I wish three other religions that shared a common Book would also learn to live in harmony.
Borneo, a large island, which belongs half to Malaysia and half to Indonesia, is one of those places that just evokes incredible images of adventure. I absolutely can’t wait to get there and explore the tribes, the jungles, and the cities. But what is also interesting about Malaysian Borneo is that much of the population is Chinese and that a large number of them are Christian.
Now, on to my favorite topic, apart from martial arts, the languages.
Malay is straight forward. In addition to being the language associated with the largest ethnic group, it is also the national language required in all public school exams. As a rule, anyone, regardless of ethnicity, who has graduated public high school speaks, reads, and writes Malay.
Next, Tamil. While Tamils make up the largest group of Indians, and their language is the most widely taught and spoken, there are other Indian groups, such as Sikh, Mamak and recent arrivals who may speak Hindi or any other Indian language, depending upon where they came from. Interestingly, in the Indian community you will find some of the best and some of the worst English speakers in the country. Many of the older Indians may have come from families that had close ties to the British. For example, under the British, the Sikhs were police, but that is just one example of Indians who worked and studied close to the British and so retained a high standard of English. The Indian private schools also maintain high levels of English education. So, children graduating these schools are excellent in English. And of course, educated immigrants from India would also speak excellent English. At the other end of the spectrum, however, some of the lower, menial labor jobs are done by Indians who don’t seem to speak much or any English at all. When they communicate with customers or with their employers, they speak Malay.
Now, the group I know the most about, the Chinese. As a speaker of Mandarin, when I arrive in a new country, to begin work, I normally seek out translators, drivers, and cameramen from the Chinese community. I am fascinated in comparing the Chinese Diaspora communities across Southeast Asia with each other and with Taiwan, a country where I lived for three years.
Sheung Di explained to me that the Chinese community in Malaysia is broken into dialect groups. The Hokien speakers tend to stay with Hokien speakers. The Hakka stay with Hakka, the Tieuchiew with the Tieuchiew, and the Cantonese with the Cantonese. Sheung Di, who is 26, explains that when he was young, there was no Chinese TV channel in Malaysia. Taiwan and China hadn’t begun exporting TV yet. So, the only Chinese TV channels and movies came from Hong Kong. And they were in Cantonese. In reality the Cantonese speaking population of Malaysia is quite small. But, because all of the Chinese Malays were watching Cantonese TV, they learned to speak Cantonese. And when people from different groups met, they spoke Cantonese to each other. So, Cantonese became the lingua franca among the Chinese communities.
In recent years, Chinese private schools, through high school, have become very popular. These schools are taught in Mandarin, so all of the children who attend them read, write and speak Mandarin well. Taiwanese pop music and tele-dramas have become very popular, and now, even Mainland China is exporting TV and movies. So, Mandarin has become the lingua franca among the young Chinese Malays.
“But what do you do if you meet a Cantonese speaker, who doesn’t speak Mandarin?” I asked.
“We speak English to each other.” Explained Sheung Di.
The Chinese Malays, particularly those who attended Chinese schools, speak excellent English.
Shueng Di and his girlfriend are both Hokien speakers. They speak Hokien with their parents, but they both attended Mandarin school, so they also speak Mandarin.
“If my girlfriend and I are alone, we speak Hokien to each other.” Said Sheung Di. “But if we are out with our friends, we speak Mandarin so everyone can understand and they don’t think we are talking about them.”
When we met some Cantonese speaking fighters at the gym I askd Sheung Di if he could understand them. “Mostly.” He said. But when he spoke to them, he immediately spoke Mandarin. And from what he has told me, if they didn’t speak Mandarin, then he would have switched to English.
“What if you meet a Malay person? How do you talk to him?”
“If he wants to speak English, we speak English. If he wants to speak Malay, we speak Malay.”
“And what about Indians?”
“Always English.” Answered Sheung Di without hesitation. “Except if they can’t speak English.”
Any time we were ordering food at the Mamaks, Sheung Di would first try ordering in English. But this usually didn’t work, so he would switch to Malay. But in most of our meetings, with older, educated Malays, we simply conducted the whole meeting in English.
Sitting in McDonalds, using the free wifi, I saw a group of friends, Indians and Chinese, at another table, speaking English to each other. When I asked Sheung Di why that was, he explained.
“The Indians have their language. The Chinese have their language. Since they can’t speak their own language, why speak another foreign language? Instead, they speak English.”
All of the martial arts classes I attended for our filming of “Martial Arts Odyssey: Malaysia” were conducted in English. When we first arrived, I thought they were speaking English in deference of me, the only foreigner. But the instructors told me.
“We have Malay, Chinese, and Indian students. To be fair to everyone, we don’t speak anyone’s language. We speak English.”
The languages, the cultures, the religions, so far, Malaysia has been an absolutely fascinating country, and I can only imagine how interesting Borneo will be when I finally get there.
Oh, I almost forgot! About the monkey.
Sheung Di and his girlfriend were driving to a hiking trail when a group of monkeys suddenly ran across the road. The car in front of them hit one of the monkeys and drove on. Sheung Di and Neu Peun Yo got out of the car to examine the stricken monkey, and sadly, it was dead. Clinging to the dead monkey was a baby, who was very much alive, but was now an orphan. The group of monkeys had already left the area and Sheung Di and his girlfriend feared the baby monkey would die if they left it. So, they took it home.
“The first two weeks we fed him from a bottle. Just recently, he started eating bananas.” Explained Sheung Di.
The young couple knows they will eventually need to release the monkey to the wild, but it lacks normal survival skills. It can’t even climb trees. So, for the time being at least, the monkey is part of a Chinese family. The monkey is one of countless species of animals that makes Malaysia an incredible adventure destination. And the lesson I learned from Sheung Di and his girlfriend’s adopted baby is: all species of humans and animals can coexist peacefully. Maybe Sheung Di will even learn to speak Monkey language.
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Antonio Graceffo is a martial arts and adventure author living in Asia. He is the author of the book, “The Monk from Brooklyn” and the host of the web TV show, “Martial Arts Odyssey,” which traces his ongoing journey through Asia, learning martial arts in various countries.
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